Antenna

Mu 1873, umuhanga mu mibare w’Abongereza Maxwell yavuze mu ncamake ikigereranyo cy’umuriro wa electromagnetic - Ikigereranyo cya Maxwell.Ikigereranyo cyerekana ko: umuriro w'amashanyarazi urashobora kubyara umurima w'amashanyarazi, umuyaga urashobora kubyara umurima wa magneti, kandi amashanyarazi ahinduka ashobora no kubyara umurima wa magneti, kandi umurima wa magneti uhinduka ushobora kubyara umurima w'amashanyarazi, uteganya ko hazabaho umuyaga wa electronique.

Nyuma yimyaka 14, mumwaka wa 1887, umuhanga mubya fiziki wumudage Heinrich Hertz yateguye antenne yambere kugirango igerageze kubaho imiraba ya electronique.Itumanaho rya Wireless ryatangiye mu 1901 igihe umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’umutaliyani Gulimo Marconi yakoreshaga antenne nini yo kuvugana n’inyanja.

 Igikorwa cyibanze cya antenne: Ikoreshwa muguhindura ingufu zumuvuduko mwinshi (cyangwa uyobora umurongo) imbaraga mumaradiyo hanyuma ikohereza mumwanya ukurikije ikwirakwizwa ryateganijwe.Iyo ikoreshejwe mu kwakira, ihindura ingufu za radiyo ivuye mu kirere ikajya mu mbaraga zumuvuduko mwinshi (cyangwa uyobora umurongo).

 Kubwibyo, antenne irashobora gufatwa nkigikoresho kiyobowe nigikoresho cyo guhindura imirasire, nigikoresho cyo guhindura ingufu.

 Antenna yunguka

 Ikintu cyingenzi kiranga antene, ititaye ku kuba ikoreshwa mu kohereza cyangwa kwakira, ni inyungu ya antenne.

 Inkomoko zimwe za antenna zitanga ingufu zingana mubyerekezo byose, kandi ubu bwoko bwimirasire bwitwa imirasire ya isotropique.Ninkizuba ryaka ingufu mubyerekezo byose.Intera ihamye, ingufu zizuba zapimwe kuri Angle zose zizaba zimwe.Kubwibyo, izuba rifatwa nkimishwarara ya isotropique.

 Izindi antene zose zifite inyungu zinyuranye kumirasire ya isotropique.Antenne zimwe zirayobora, ni ukuvuga imbaraga nyinshi zoherezwa mubyerekezo bimwe kuruta mubindi.Ikigereranyo kiri hagati yingufu zikwirakwiza muri iki cyerekezo nimbaraga antenne idakwirakwiza icyerekezo byitwa inyungu.Iyo antenne yohereza hamwe ninyungu runaka ikoreshwa nka antene yakira, nayo izagira inyungu imwe yo kwakira.

 Antenna

 Antenne nyinshi zisohora imirasire myinshi mu cyerekezo kimwe kuruta ikindi, kandi imirasire nkiyi yitwa imishwarara ya anisotropique.

 Ubuyobozi bwa antenne bivuga isano iri hagati yagaciro kagereranijwe kerekana imirasire ya antenne hamwe nicyerekezo cyumwanya ukurikije intera imwe mukarere ka kure.Imbaraga za kure za antenne zirashobora kugaragazwa nk

Aho, ni icyerekezo cyimikorere, kidashingiye ku ntera na antenna igezweho;Ari Azimuth Inguni na Angle Inguni;Numubare wumurongo kandi nuburebure bwumurongo.

 Imikorere yicyerekezo igereranwa nkigishushanyo mbonera cya antenne.Kugirango byoroherezwe gushushanya indege, igishushanyo rusange cyibice bibiri byindege nyamukuru.

Imiterere ya Antenna nigishushanyo cyerekana ikwirakwizwa ryimiterere ya antenna yingufu.Ukurikije ibyasabwe, antene igomba kwakira gusa ibimenyetso mu cyerekezo kimwe ntabwo ari mubindi (urugero: antene ya TV, antara ya radar), kurundi ruhande, antenne yimodoka igomba kuba yakira ibimenyetso bivuye mubyerekezo byose bishobora kohereza.

 Ubuyobozi bwifuzwa bugerwaho hifashishijwe imashini igenewe amashanyarazi na antenne.Ubuyobozi bwerekana ingaruka zo kwakira cyangwa kohereza antenne mu cyerekezo runaka.

 Ubwoko bubiri bwibishushanyo burashobora gukoreshwa mugutegura antenne yerekanwe - amakarito ya karitsiye hamwe na polar.Mu gishushanyo mbonera, ingingo iteganijwe ku ndege ihuza umurongo ugenda uzenguruka (radiyo), kandi hapimwe igishushanyo mbonera cy'imirase.Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho hepfo.

Niba agaciro ntarengwa k'icyerekezo gishushanyo mbonera gihwanye na 1, igishushanyo mbonera cyiswe igishushanyo mbonera gisanzwe, naho icyerekezo kijyanye nacyo cyitwa imikorere isanzwe yerekanwe.Emax nimbaraga z'umuriro w'amashanyarazi mu cyerekezo cy'imirasire ntarengwa, mu gihe imbaraga z'umuriro w'amashanyarazi mu cyerekezo cy'intera imwe.
Igishushanyo cyerekezo cyerekana isano iri hagati yubucucike bwimbaraga nicyerekezo cyimirasire byitwa igishushanyo mbonera cyimbaraga.